As students prepare their projects, a clear and
concise bibliography needs to be included at the end of the document. To
help you and the student understand the proper format it has been provided
below for your use.
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What is a
citation? |
| A citation is used to
document sources. To document sources is to give credit to the
author whom you are quoting or whose ideas you are using. Footnotes
and Bibliography entries are types of citations.
Footnotes appear at the bottom (or "foot") of a page and refer
to statements in the text on the page. Footnotes show the source of
information or give additional information. In most cases, the piece of
text and its corresponding footnote are linked by a number. Footnotes
are numbered consecutively in any single piece of work. The number
appears at the end of the piece of text, slightly above the line
(superscript). The same number is the first item in the footnote.
A Bibliography lists all the sources used during the
preparation of a piece of work such as a report. Bibliographic entries
usually include more information than is given in footnotes. The
bibliography appears at the end of the work.
There are several standard formats for footnotes and bibliographic
entries that vary slightly from one another. The formats given here will
be appropriate for most nontechnical writing. Always use the format
specified by your teacher, publisher, or employer. Whatever format you
use, use it consistently in any single piece of work.
(The following footnote examples are appropriate when the work will
include a bibliography. If there will not be a bibliography, include all
the bibliographic information in the footnotes. Underlining can
be used if italicized type is not available.)
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How to
cite a Web site (including World Book Online) |
Footnote format:
Author’s name (if available), "Article or Web page title," Web site
title, URL, access date.
Footnote example:
Maurine H. Beasley, "Roosevelt, Eleanor," World Book Online,
http://wbonline.worldbook.com, August 27, 1998.
Bibliography format:
Author’s name, last name first (if available). "Article or Web page
title," Web site title, URL, access date, city: producer. [city
and producer are optional]
Bibliography example:
Beasley, Maurine H. "Roosevelt, Eleanor," World Book Online,
http://wbonline.worldbook.com, August 27, 1998, Chicago: IBM/World Book,
Inc. |
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How to
cite a CD-ROM encyclopedia |
Footnote format:
Author’s name (if available), "Article title," Encyclopedia title,
version, edition or copyright or publication date (if the year is not
part of the title).
Footnote example:
David L. Garrison, "Marine biology," 1999 World Book, Version
2.0.
Bibliography format:
Author’s name, last name first (if available). "Article title,"
Encyclopedia title, version, producer, edition or copyright or
publication date.
Bibliography example:
Garrison, David L. "Marine biology," 1999 World Book, Version
2.0, IBM/World Book, Inc., 1998. |
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How to
cite a print encyclopedia |
Footnote format:
Author’s name (if available), "Article title," Encyclopedia title,
edition or publication or copyright date (if the year is not part of the
title), volume number, page number(s).
Footnote example:
William J. McGrath, "Vienna," The World Book Encyclopedia, 1998
ed., Vol. 20, p. 362.
Bibliography format:
Author’s name, last name first (if available). "Article title,"
Encyclopedia title, edition or publication or copyright date, volume
number, page number(s) of entire article.
Bibliography example:
McGrath, William J. "Vienna," The World Book Encyclopedia,
1998, Vol. 20, pp. 362-363. |
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How to
cite a book |
Footnote format:
Author’s name, Book title, page number(s).
Footnote example:
Karen Elizabeth Gordon, The Transitive Vampire: A Handbook of
Grammar, pp. 37-39.
Bibliography format:
Author, last name first. Book title. City: Publisher,
date.
Bibliography example:
Gordon, Karen Elizabeth. The Transitive Vampire: A Handbook of
Grammar. New York: Cahill, 1985. |
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How to
cite a magazine article |
Footnote format:
Author’s name (if available), "Article title," Magazine title,
publication date, including month, day, and year (where applicable),
page number(s).
Footnote example:
Jere Van Dyk, "Long Journey of the Pacific Salmon," National
Geographic, July 1990, pp. 29-30.
Bibliography format:
Author’s name, last name first (if available). "Article title."
Magazine title, publication volume and issue number (where
applicable), publication date, including month, day, and year (where
applicable), page numbers of entire article.
Bibliography example:
Van Dyk, Jere. "The Long Journey of the Pacific Salmon." National
Geographic, vol. 178, no. 1, July 1990, pp. 3-37. |
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How to
cite a newspaper article |
Footnote format:
Author’s name (if available), "Article title," Newspaper title,
publication date, including month, day, and year (where applicable),
section (where applicable), page number(s).
Footnote example:
Phyllis Andreoni, "Program Enrolls Elderly," Union-News, July 4,
1990, sec. 1, p. 9.
Bibliography format:
Author’s name, last name first (if available). "Article title."
Newspaper title, publication date, including month, day, and year
(where applicable), section (where applicable), page numbers of entire
article.
Bibliography example:
Andreoni, Phyllis. "Program Enrolls Elderly." Union-News, July 4,
1990, sec. 1, p. 9. |
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How to
cite educational and reference software |
Footnote format:
Program title, version (identifying numbers).
Footnote example:
French Now!, version 5.0 (E-N00/TC010350).
Bibliography format:
Program title. Version. (Identifying numbers.) City: Producer.
Bibliography example:
French Now! Version 5.0. (E-N00/TC010350). Hollis, New Hampshire:
Transparent Language. |
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How to
cite a videotape or videodisc |
Footnote format:
Title, format, date.
Footnote example:
Legacies of the Sixties, VHS, 1991.
Bibliography format:
Title, format, date. City: Producer. Legacies of the Sixties,
VHS, 1991. Washington, D.C.: WETA and Varied Directions, Inc.
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How to
cite a television program |
Footnote format:
"Title," Program title, network or station, broadcast date.
Footnote example:
"Enter the Jury Room," CBS Reports, CBS, April 16, 1997.
Bibliography format:
"Title." Program title. Network or station, broadcast date.
Bibliography example:
"Enter the Jury Room." CBS Reports. CBS, April 16, 1997.
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How to
cite a pamphlet/business or community group publication |
Footnote format:
Organization, "Title," pamphlet number (where applicable), date (where
applicable), page number(s).
Footnote example:
National Dairy Council, "Your Food-Choice or Chance," Pamphlet no. 435,
1983, p. 3.
Bibliography format:
Organization. "Title." Pamphlet number (where applicable), date (where
applicable).
Bibliography example:
National Dairy Council. "Your Food-Choice or Chance." Pamphlet no. 435,
1983. |
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How to
cite a government publication |
Footnote format:
Title, organization, identifying number (optional), date, page(s).
Footnote example:
United States Government Manual, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1996, p. 127.
Bibliography format:
Title. Organization. Identifying number (optional). Date.
Bibliography example:
United States Government Manual. U.S. Government Printing Office.
1996. |
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How to
cite a personal interview |
Footnote format:
Interviewee’s name, interviewee’s title, "personal interview," date.
Footnote example:
Linnet Foster Myers, former foreign correspondent, Chicago Tribune,
personal interview, April 15, 1997.
Bibliography format:
Interviewee’s name, last name first. Interviewee’s title. "Personal
interview," date.
Bibliography example:
Myers, Linnet Foster. Former foreign correspondent, Chicago Tribune.
Personal interview, April 15, 1997.
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